Theory x and theory y leadership pdf articles

And the most lauded skills, especially in leadership, lie in the ability to connect seemingly disparate ideas and communicate those ideas clearly. The next section of the chapter is devoted to an account of the characteristics that a. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y free. Nov 03, 2010 its tempting to think that theory y management is good and theory x is bad and it is indeed the case that modern business schools and studies lean towards theory y being the better of the two, however it is important to note that a position of leadership will bring about circumstances where theory x style enforcement is a necessary and. Mar 21, 20 theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. I will argue that the theory x and theory y perspective can.

His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hiera. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. Theory x gives importance to supervision, while theory y stresses on rewards and recognition. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both.

Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Jul 11, 2017 the challenge of being a theory y manager. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Theory x and theory y assumptions, merits and demerits. In theory y, the work tends to be organized around wider areas of skill or knowledge. Theory x and theory y are wellresearched leadership principles. He summarized the findings of the hawthorn experiment by introducing both theory x and theory y. His work showed that thoughts and beliefs might influence behavio. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Older, strictly hierarchical conceptions of c2, with narrow centralization of decision rights, highly constrained patterns of interaction, and limited information distribution tend to arise from cultural and organizational assumptions compatible with theory x. From the great man theory of the 19th century, to new research on genetic factors underpinning leadership behaviours, theres a wealth of data to examine. Dec 10, 2018 this article describes the william ouchi theory z in a practical way. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960.

Designmethodologyapproach an empirical study was conducted through. His work showed that thoughts and beliefs might influence behavior. Theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Theory y, on the other hand, states that work is natural.

The theory z was invented by the american economist and management professor william ouchi, following the x and y theory by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Theory x is often said to describe a traditional view of direction and control. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. Theory x is characterised by tight external control on the employees, whereas theory y features leniency in control. Theory x and theory y 875 assumptions about human behavior in organiza. All such moves demonstrate industry leadership, setting the company apart from competitors and. Theory x vs theory y managers because employees have historically been given a flat exchange of time and energy for income, workplace incentives have often been rooted in a fear of loss of employment, in earning potential from extra productivity, or in acquiescing to managerial dominance for promotion. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Feedback from a theory x and theory y perspective design shack. Many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value.

It appeared at a time when the behavioral sciences were playing an increasing role in how managers thought about their work. Managers can be said to follow either view of their workforce. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. Jul 08, 2017 theory x is characterised by tight external control on the employees, whereas theory y features leniency in control. Employees are also encouraged to develop expertise and make suggestions and improvements. Essentially theory x and theory y describe two opposing views of people at work that will influence management style. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. Theory x is the view that traditional management has taken towards the workforce. This article describes the william ouchi theory z in a practical way. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of themselves and of. According to mcgregor, theory x leadership assumes the following. Theory x managers tend to take a pessimistic view of their people, and.

Learn about theory x and theory y proposed by mcgregor in 1960s and understand what management styles they encourage respectively. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. It has generated wide ranging and lasting interest in the field of motivation. In either case, the personal views that managers form about employees can have a significant impact on both the culture and climate in an organisation or work group. Mcgregors work made a significant impact on managerial thought. It became very popular in the field of hr and it was a model that helped shift management from the negative paradigm to a positive spin. It was in 1957 that douglas mcgregor first proposed the concept of theory x and theory. Correlational tests revealed that theory x assumptions were positively related to the dominant and impression leaving styles. While theory x managers may be suited for some processdriven organizations, a more practical management style today is that of a. A boss can be viewed as taking the theory x approach, while a leader takes the theory y approach. Mcgregor thought that theory x managers were more prevalent in the 1950s, despite the fact that theory y offers a more accurate reflection of human nature. Beyond this point, the two theories of management diverge.

The present study explored the possibility that mcgregors 1960 theory xy assumptions serve as cognitive determinants of superior communicator style, a multidimensional set of style variables that can have considerable effects on subordinate wellbeing and organizational viability. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. Ivey business journal, sepoct vol 75 issue 5, 2011, pp57. It then discusses another way of categorizing leadership styles, based on the leadership grid, and explores the view that a leader needs to use different styles in different situations.

Theory x and theory y management oxford bibliographies. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to assemble the factors of production, including people, for the economic benefit of the firm. Construct validation of a theory xy behavior scale. Theory x and theory y behavior scale kopelman, prottas, and falk, 2008. The two theories are sets of propositions and beliefs about human nature. An exploratory study of the relationships between theory xy. Theory y is based on a faulty conception of human nature. It was a period characterized by the work of maslow, likert, argyris.

The purpose of this paper is to trace mcgregors xy theory and its relationship with fulfillment of psychological contract. Kopelman and others published theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of management theories find, read and cite all the research you need on. Mcgregors x y theory is a natural rule for managing people. Xteacher and theory yteacher aboluays anas musings. Theory x and theory y explains how your perceptions can affect your. Theory x and theory y also have implications in military command and control c2. The use of a theory y perspective has previously been advocated at a number of different levels in education 47. Technofunc mcgregors leadership theory x and theory y. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as theory x and theory y management. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions about people. Theory x undertakes that the principal source of most employee motivation is monetary, with a strong security.

Work can be very normal if the working environments are positive. You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y. This article and video will explore mcgregors theory further, and well look at how it applies in. Theory x and theory y mcgregor and leadership motivation hr. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Generally, theory x style managers believe their employees are. Mcgregor recognised certain needs that theory x fails to take into account. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. Leadership styles are determined by the ways in which a leader perceives those under him and the assumptions he holds about human behavior. Unlike, decentralisation of authority is presumed in theory y, which involves.

You might, for instance, have a tendency to micromanage or, conversely, you may prefer to take a more handsoff approach. Mcgregor considers theory x and theory y as two different continua in themselves, they are not different ends of the same continuum. Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Leaders know best, and should closely direct actions taken by staff, with little room for independence and responsibility. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Categorized under business, management, psychology differences between theory x and theory y.

An exploratory study of the relationships between theory x. To start off with, heres a brief definition of mcgregors theory x and theory y. That history will explain why theory ys view of human nature is incomplete. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory.

Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact. Theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative theory y. This refers to an authoritarian management style, where reward and punishment is seen as the best way to motivate employees to meet objectives. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and. The purpose of this paper is to apply mcgregors theory x and theory y to study teacher motivation in higher education. Theory x and theory y were first introduced in the early work of douglas mcgregor.

While theory y might help to explain the findings in the two laboratories, we clearly need something other than theory x or y assumptions to explain the findings in the plants. In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as theory x, the advocated theory y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such as selffulfilling prophecy and responsibility. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, mcgregor proposed two theories by which managers perceive and address employee. Differences between theory x and theory y difference between. Both the theories, which are very different from each other, are used by managers to motivate their employees. In a nutshell, theory x states that people inherently dislike their jobs, see them as a necessary evil, are unmotivated, and must be externally controlled throughout the day by coercion, direction, or threat of punishment. Xteacher and theory yteacher in the 1960s, douglas mcgregor from mit came up with the theoryx and theoryy to describe styles of managers. After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an authoritarian style of. Theory x and theory y are descriptions of two extreme managerial styles. However, the literature has a limited number of studies concerning organizational performance of small and medium businesses, even less research on the impact on organizational performance of theory x and theory y type leadership styles. For those managers faced with the challenge of douglas mcgregors landmark book.

Difference between theory x and theory y of motivation and. Introduced by douglas mcgregor, theory x and theory y talk about the diverging views that exist about how organizations function. Understand the contrast between the two theories or completely different styles of management and learn how you can apply this in your organizational context. The climate in a theory x organisation tends to be impersonal and the theory suggests carrot and stick approach to motivation. Professor douglas mcgregor highlighted that there is a significant relationship between motivation and leadership among people. A short history of leadership theories by gene early our world is changing and so is our understanding of leadership. Leadership style and organizational performance have been researched extensively.

From the above it seems then an obvious choice for managers is to follow a theory y management style. It is important to note that both theory x and theory y are based on the argument that there are specific approaches to managing people based on their traits. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. Mcgregor believed that managers basic beliefs have a dominant influence on the way that.

The purpose of this paper is to trace mcgregors x y theory and its relationship with fulfillment of psychological contract. Explain the implications of theory x, theory y, and theory z for employee management mcgregors theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. In strong contrast to theory x are the assumptions of theory y. Conference paper pdf available in ssrn electronic journal 75 october 2012 with. Rewards theory x organizations work on a carrot and stick basis, and performance is part of the overall mechanisms of control. Many organisations are now taking the enlightened view of theory y.

Apr 02, 2012 theory x is the view that traditional management has taken towards the workforce. Under this theory, the employees are highly selfmotivated, and they need little encouragement from upper management to deliver quality results on a day to day basis. X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. International journal of academic research in business and social sciences.

You must use your judgment to decide the best course of action and the leadership style needed for. What you do in one situation will not always work in another. Theory y implies a more self directed workforce that takes an interest in the goals. Conversely, mcgregor saw theory y managers as those that hold assumptions that. As you would expect, theory y sees motivation in the opposite manner of theory x.

Theory x and theory y are part of motivational theories. With the onslaught of b2b social media, and the break down of formal business approach, business. May 15, 2017 theory x undertakes that the principal source of most employee motivation is monetary, with a strong security. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on organizational performance. This paper argues that theory y managers are the effective leaders who could. Motivation theory x and theory y free management books. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his 1960 book the. Aug 21, 2015 this article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor.

Theory x and theory y were developed in the 1960s and describe two different, almost opposite, attitudes to motivation in the workplace. Thus, whereas opportunities for intrinsic article in organizational dynamics. The theories attempt to show how a managers perception of his team affects the behaviour of the manager and how they treat their team. The latter theory has a much more positive view about employees and it is suggested that the employer is under a lot less pressure than one who is influenced by the management style of theory x. All such moves demonstrate industry leadership, setting the company apart from competitors and generating additional repeat and referral business. Theory x and theory y team management training from. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and. Advantages and disadvantages of theory x and y essay. It helped to crystallise and put into right perspective the findings of the hawthorne experiments. Douglas mcgregors theory x vs theory y lucidchart blog. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on. After reading you will understand the definition and basics of this powerful management and leadership tool.

After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles what is theory x and theory y. The hard and soft approach of theory x key issues with theory x. A total of 279 superiors completed an online survey that measured theory x y orientation and superior communicator style. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. Two of the surveys had to be eliminated due to missing. According to theory x, there is complete centralization of authority, in the organisation, i. Small business owners in the sishane lighting and chandelier district. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Mcgregors theory x and theory y douglas mcgregors in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior.

Difference between theory x and theory y of motivation and its critical appraisal. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. Copyright 2017, scholarly research journal for interdisciplinary. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do.