Use the index to your left to find the specific topics you are. Remember, for total internal reflection to occur the light rays must travel from a dense medium to a less dense medium. Fiber optics fedor mitschke fiber optics physics and technology 123 prof. So unless we have a straight long wire without any bends at all, harnessing this advantage will be very tedious. A bright laser is shined through one end of a long, curled piece of plastic. Basics of fiber optics mark curranbrian shirk fiber optics, which is the science of light transmission through very fine glass or plastic fibers, continues to be used in more and more applications due to its inherent advantages over copper conductors. Mitra university of rhode island kingston, rhode island wholesale book dealers quality service supplied by international service company 333 fourth avenue indialantic, florida 32903, u. All optical elements such as lenses, prisms and rods use total internal reflection as a mecha.
Three phenomena reflection, refraction, and diffraction help you predict where a ray or rays of light will go. As discussed in appendix c in connection with snells law, light traveling in a material of high index of refraction is totally reflected back into the material if it strikes the boundary of the material with lower refractive index at an angle greater than the critical angle. Fiber optics is also the basis of the fiberscopes used in examining internal parts of the body. Physics of total internal reflection how fiber optics. Fiber optic data transmission systems fiber optic data transmission systems send information over fiber by turning electronic signals into light. Fiber optics lab manual preface this series of fiber optics laboratory experiments was developed by professor elias awad for the foa under a nsf grant.
Rapid development of optoelectronic devices and laser techniques poses an important task of creating and studying, from one side, the structures capable of effectively converting, modulating, and recording optical data in a wide range of radiation energy densities and frequencies, from another side, the new schemes and approaches capable to activate and simulate the modern. It has a central core in which the light is guided, embedded in an outer cladding of slightly lower refractive index fig. Optical fibre class 12 physics investigatory project report. Note that in some countries, including the uk, fiber optics is spelled fibre optics. They work on the principle of total internal reflection. Physics of total internal reflection how fiber optics work. Light rays incident on the corecladding boundary at angles greater than the critical angle undergo total. As an engineering discipline, fiber optics is both fascinating and challenging. Notnonlinear optics typically treat dielectric material as many simple harmonic oscillators get complex response that gives polarization vector, adds to total displacement susceptibility gives polarization response, is complex number can be expressed as the index of refraction relevant to optics. Fiberoptic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of infrared light through an optical fiber. Through this web page we hope to share the amazing knowledge we have gained about optics and optical fibres and show you how this has affected your life. Lecture notes optics pdf 57p this note covers the following topics. Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p this note covers the following topics. In telecommunications, fiber optic technology is used to link computers within local area networks.
It represents the knowledge gained from over 25 years experience in fiber optics back to when it started but brought up to date to include the latest innovations. A 1991 experiment showed the possibility of data transmission over 21. Jun 12, 20 provides information about the physics principles present in fiber optic cable used in wind turbines. Main characteristics of fiber optics communication system. An optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric waveguide made of lowloss materials such as silica glass. Pdf introduction to fiber optics theory researchgate. Light losses in fibres fibre is a transparent cylinder made of a dielectric. In the 1960s, kao created various methods to combine glass. An optical fiber or optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass silica or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair.
Unit vii fiber optics engineering physics introduction 1. Pdf the field of applied science and engineering concerned with the. Refractive index, total internal reflection, optical fibres. Fibre optics is one of the most interesting and current fields of physics today. Fiber optics plays an important role in the field of communication to transmit voice, television. Physics notes for class 12 chapter 9 ray optics and. The fibers are so small that once the light is introduced into the fiber with an angle within the confines of the numerical aperture of the fiber, it will continue to reflect almost losslessly off the walls of the fiber and thus can travel long distances in. Ray optics and optical instruments 311 this case is to be taken as normal to the tangent to surface at the point of incidence. Similarly maser is acronym for microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. An optical fibre consists of a very thin core of high purity glass. The cladding is less dense than the core and has a lower refractive index. The laser beam travels through the curves of the plastic tube, without escaping, until it reaches the end where it is reemitted. No previous experience in fiber optics is required.
Optics is the branch of physics which includes the study of light and the. Fibre optics deals with the light propagation through thin glass fibres. Sir charles kuen kao gbm kbe frs freng 4 november 1933 23 september 2018 was a physicist and electrical engineer who pioneered the development and use of fibre optics in telecommunications. Optical fibers typically include a transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding material with a lower index. An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair. Mar 29, 2015 the optical fibre is surrounded at the outer layer by the buffer coating which is a plastic coating that protects the fibre from damage and moisture. Light rays can be used to transmit a huge amount of data but there is a problem here the light rays travel in straight lines.
Optical fibers are used most often as a means to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber and find wide usage in fiberoptic communications, where they permit transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths data transfer rates than. A fiberoptic cable is composed of two concentric layers, called the core and the cladding, as illustrated in figure 31. Physics revision site recommended to teachers as a resource by aqa, ocr and edexcel examination boards also recommended by bbc bytesize winner of the iop web awards 2010 cyberphysics a physics revision aide for students at ks3 sats, ks4 gcse and ks5 a and as level. Fiber optics are also commonly used in telecommunication services such as internet, television. Laser is acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. For example, a slide projector shows an image of a slide on a screen. Optical fibre class 12 physics investigatory project. Photometry is a branch measurement of light energy.
Fiber is preferred over electrical cabling when high bandwidth, long distance, or immunity to electromagnetic interference are required. Graded index optical fiber whose core has a refractive index that decreases. This fiber optic basic training guide has been designed to get you started and keep you up to date. Unlike copper wire, fiber optics does not use electricity during transmission.
The physics behind fiber optics fiberoptic technologies. Optics questions with solutions and explanations at the bottom of the page. Jan 25, 2020 optical fibers are thread like structure made of glass and plastic in which light travel by total internal reflection. In the laser, the maser principle has been extended to optical or frequencies of 1014 to 1015 hz and is therefore termed as optical maser. Fiber optics, the science of transmitting data, voice, and images by the passage of light through thin, transparent fibers. Most common material used in fibres is fused silica amorphous sio.
Other important optics topics include interference, polarization, and fiber optics. The purpose of this article is to provide the nontechnical reader with an overview of. The first transatlantic telephone cable with optical fibre in 1988. That is, the normal is along the radius, the line joining the centre of curvature of the mirror to the point of incidence. Such amplifiers, operating in cband 1 5301 565 nm, were developed after 1985 and became available commercially by 1990. Apr 06, 2020 fiber optics, the science of transmitting data, voice, and images by the passage of light through thin, transparent fibers. Physics mcqs for class 12 with answers chapter 9 ray. Physics of fiber optics edited by bernard bendow rome air development center hansom afb, massachusetts shashanka s. These questions may be used to practice for the sat physics test.
The term fiber optics applies really to a branch of light physics dealing with the properties of certain materials that display a phenomenon called total internal reflection, and not to an object. As explained in the section titled the structure and physics of an optical fiber, a multimode fiber can support the propagation of a number of modes rays. Free optics books download ebooks online textbooks tutorials. The core is covered by a second layer cladding also made from high purity glass. Fibre optics plays an important role in the field of communication to transmit voice, television. Ready, in industrial applications of lasers second edition, 1997. Pdf the field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics. Light refers to more than the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is near to what is visible to the human eye. It is intended to introduce students in technical high schools and colleges to the technology of fiber optics. Total internal reflection when the light ray travels from denser. Page 1 introduction fiber optics deals with the light propagation through thin glass fibers.
In the 1960s, kao created various methods to combine glass fibres with lasers in order to transmit digital data, which laid the groundwork for the. The basic principle of optical fiber in the transmission of optical signal is total internal reflection. Fiber optics is extremely thin strands of purified glass that carry information from one point to another in the form of light. In chapter 2, youll learn basic principles of physics and optics needed to understand fiber optics. Friends, heres a great physics investigatory project for class 12 students. It may involve elaborating, justifying, relating, evaluating, comparing and contrasting, or analysing the physics underpinning the context. This student has demonstrated comprehensive understanding of how principles of physics are relevant to fibre optics. After having treated a lot of the physics background for optical fibers, we. An optical fiber or optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass silica or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair manufacturing of optical fiber. Optical fibresseeing the light fibre optics is one of the most interesting and current fields of physics today. It is the backbone and concept behind optical fibres which have important applications in many industries today. A length of fiber with the element erbium added can act as an amplifier for light in the 1550 nm wavelength region. The field of fiber optics depends upon the total internal reflection of light rays traveling through tiny optical fibers.
The topic of this project is optical fiber and its applications. Fiber optics, or optical fiber, refers to the medium and the technology associated with the transmission of information as light pulses along a glass or plastic strand or fiber. Pdf fiber optics physics and technology 2010 wahyu prayogo. Characteristics of light light waves are electromagnetic waves, whose nature is transverse. Fiber optics is used longdistance and highperformance data networking. An important aspect of a fiber optic communication is that of extension of the. This is a demonstration of total internal reflection. Fiberoptic devices are now used in a wide range of medical applications. Help with gcse physics, aqa syllabus a as level and a2 level physics. The field of fibre optics communications has exploded over the past two decades. In fiber optics, the critical angle is described with respect to the parallel axis running down the middle of the fiber.
The core and cladding have different refractive indices, with the core having a refractive index of n1, and the cladding having a refractive index of n2. Unit i fibre optics engineering physics introduction weebly. Optical fibers are thread like structure made of glass and plastic in which light travel by total internal reflection. The projection of the ray on the transverse plane is a regular polygon that is not. Fibre is an integral part of modern day communication infrastucture and can be found along roads, in buildings, hospitals and machinary. This is not an example of the work produced by our essay writing service. If youre looking for information online, its always worth searching both spellings. It follows a helical trajectory confined within a cylindrical shell of radii r and a.
You can view samples of our professional work here. This involves linking ideas to integrate physics relevant to the selected context. What is fiber optics optical fibre and how does it work. The optical fiber works on the principle of total internal reflection.
In physics, the critical angle is described with respect to the normal line. Through this web page we hope to share the amazing knowledge we have gained. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. A relatively recent advance in fiber optics is the development of the erbiumdoped fiber amplifier edfa. Therefore, the fiberoptic critical angle 90 degrees physics critical angle. It has a central core in which the light is guided, embedded. The questions are about reflection, refraction, critical angle, lenses, reflectors, light rays propagating through different mediums, refractive index of materials, etc.
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